Any time the discussion of vintage military actions comes up, the question of strength is the primary focus.
one thing to always keep in mind, Countries are not in the habit of manufacturing rifles for military use that are not strong enough to withstand the rigors of combat When firing the ammunition for which it was designed.
The vast majority of military actions, regardless of which country of origin, were manufactured from Carbon Steel, in particular, Carbon Steel with enough carbon content by percentage to enhance it‘s Case Harding capabilities.
Case hardening carbon steel has the advantage over what is commonly called alloy steel in that you can achieve a good hard surface to reduce wear in less than pristine conditions while maintaining a a relative soft core for ductility combined with an adequate strength to handle the load exerted on the parts. This can be achieved with a considerable cost savings over more expensive Alloy Steels when you are contemplating hundreds of thousands, even millions of numbers of parts,
Most Carbon Steels only have two other chemical elements of value, that being manganese and silicon, both which while not adding strength, to help maintain the initial properties during the manufacturing process.
When you get into true Alloy Steels, of which there are untold numbers, you see many more alloying elements to increase the inherent deep strength and hardening ability while still maintaining a high degree of ductility in relation to tensile strength. The most common we usually talk about are Chrome Moly, (4140), and Chrome Nickel Moly, (4340).
The material in the actions referred to in post #13 is 8620, which takes the properties of Carbon Steel and combines it with an excellent carburizing feature which result in an extremely hard surface with a strong core maintained by having a rich alloying content, one in particular, nickel.
A modern Mauser Action machined from either Alloy Steel at the proper hardness level or one of the modern carburizing steels such as 8620 will handle anything practical cartridge you can stick in it.
And keep in mind. Simply having a vintage action re case hardened does not ad to the strength in terms of tensile, yield, and ductility. It does add to the surface hardness for wear ability.
One other item to consider in steel is the actual quality of the steel. You can have two identical pieces of steel in respect to meeting the actual chemical composition, and one be much superior in the all important ductility feature simply because of the manufacturing process, that being maintains the cleanliness of the steel at the molecular level.
That is why you see different classifications of the same alloy, starting at regular melt, aircraft quality, and premium aircraft quality VAR. In short, this means that in the higher grades, there are few undesirable trace particles that can be present between the individual molecules of steel, enhancing ductiliybat a given RC hardness.
in vintage military actions, you really have no way of knowing the quality of the steel used, especially if that Country was having to cut corners in a loosing war. You might be able to research the Country of origin and ascertain the actual steel used in manufacturing parts, but you have no way of knowing the manufacturing procedures or quality of the material used.