I'm surprised no one has brought up calibration or verfication (at home, not via a certification service.) We all (don't we?) use check weights to keep an eye on our balance beam scales. How do you check your calipers?
Here's how I do it: I own a set of pin gages. Mine are "minus" type and of a class where that means they are 0.0002" smaller than the nominal size. The pin gages themselves can be validated using two different micrometers (mine are a Mitutoyo and a Harbor Freight) and both agree that, say, the ".250" gage is actually 0.2498". If both mics agree on several other gages (over a wide range of sizes between 0.061" and 0.5") I have now established that a) my pin gages can be relied upon, and b) both my mics can be relied upon.
Now I can use the pin gages to check the calipers, but only in the range 0.061" to .5" (my smallest and largest pin gages.) To check the range between 0.5" and 1.0", find any suitable metal object in that range and check the caliper against one or more 1" micrometers. To check the 1" to 6" inches range, you need a larger micrometer, or a trusted machinist's gage block.
-