Received a response on the matter. Bruce
This refers to your email to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), regarding a bolt-action pistol. Specifically, you asked about the lawfulness of converting the pistol into a rifle.
As background, the amended Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(3), defines the term “firearm” to include any weapon (including a starter gun) which will or is designed to or may be readily converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive…[and]…the frame or receiver of any such weapon….With respect to the definitions of “handgun” and “pistol” under Federal statutes and regulations, you may be aware that the GCA, 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(29), defines “handgun” to mean, in part, …a firearm which has a short stock and is designed to be held and fired by the use of a single hand….
Additionally, 27 CFR § 478.11, a regulation implementing the GCA, defines “pistol” as:
…a weapon originally designed, made, and intended to fire a projectile (bullet) from one or more barrels when held in one hand, and having (a) a chamber(s) as an integral part(s) of, or permanently aligned with, the bore(s); and (b) a short stock designed to be gripped by one hand and at an angle to and extending below the line of the bore(s).
Please note also that the GCA, 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(7), defines “rifle” to mean, in part, …a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder….
Finally, the National Firearms Act, 26 U.S.C. § 5845(a)(3) and (4), defines the term “firearm” to include (3) a rifle having a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length…[and]…(4) a weapon made from a rifle if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length….
The specific question from your letter is paraphrased and presented below, followed by ATF’s answer:
Q: Can I lawfully mount a bolt-action pistol receiver in a shoulder stock and then attach a barrel of 16 inches or longer in the assembly of a shoulder-fired rifle?
A: Yes; however, once the 16+ inch barrel and shoulder stock are attached to your bolt-action pistol receiver, it then becomes a rifle. In the absence of the appropriate authorization, returning it to the pistol configuration would constitute manufacturing a “weapon made from a rifle” and would be a violation of Federal firearms laws.
We thank you for your inquiry and trust the foregoing has been responsive.
ATF – Enforcement Programs and Services