All three of My .204 Rugers have heavy barrels and I use rifle scopes set between 20x and 24x and I can spot my own shots on prairie dogs well beyond 200 yards. I've never shot golf balls, but I think I could spot shots on those at 200 yards as well.
All three of my my .17 Remingtons have heavy barrels as well and they have slightly less recoil than the .204 Ruger, but not by much.
About 2 years ago I purchased a suppressor and use that on my varmint/predator rifles. That adds a little weight to the shooting rig and in my opinion helps to tame down what little recoil the .204s and the .17s have. I also shoot a suppressed Tikka Master Sporter in .22-250 and can spot my hits with that rifle as well.
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1raggedhole stated, the 39 gr. Sierra BlitzKing and the 40 gr. V-Max bullets will fight wind deflection because they have a fairly high BC compared to some of the .172 caliber projectiles and might hold a slight advantage over the .172 caliber bullets when it comes to wind deflection. However, there might be one or two .172 caliber bullets that have pretty high BCs as well--the 30 gr. Kindler Gold comes to mind.
I'm just glad I don't have to chose between the .204 Ruger and the .17 Remington. You can't go wrong with either caliber, but if wind is your enemy, you might want to go with the .204 Ruger.
I also have a .17 Tactical and I could spot shots with that caliber as well. However, I went from a Remington Varmint contour barrel to a new #4 contour Pac-Nor and haven't got it back from my gunsmith yet, but that barrel is not nearly has heavy as the Remington Varmint contour barrel, but I will have a suppressor hanging off the muzzle so that should help tame down the muzzle jump.