Interesting test, because it worked. Thanks. Contact point with the chamber was right at the neck/shoulder boundary.
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Having confirmed this and operating on the theory that it was hardened brass, I heated the neck/shoulder for a few seconds with a heat gun. That's hotter than a hair dryer but cooler than a torch. Then I ran it into the die and held it there for a 10 count. When I took it out, it was barely warm, but it chambered in the rifle. The comparator verified it had resized to 1.765. That's about .001" lower than the largest that has chambered. Now I have to decide whether to heat the old brass for the breakin or use the new. It's kind of a PITA to heat the brass.
Now run that case into the die while inked up. See where the die hits it. You'll probably want to re-ink it well.
You may've mentioned this and I missed it, but have you fired and sized a new piece of brass. If so, did it chamber ok after sizing?
Looks like a small difference in the radius at the neck/shoulder junction between the die and the chamber reamer used on the two different barrels. If so, pushing the shoulder back further on the old brass, then firing in the new chamber MIGHT fix it. It might fix it for 1 firing or for good. The brass may still want to go back to the same sharp radius as before. This may show up sooner or it may later, but it will likely rear it's head again. A lot depends on how many firings it had on it and how hot they were.
Bottom line, if new brass works fine after firing and sizing, there's you answer...move on.
Otherwise, you'll have to push the shoulder back more than would be normally necessary to "possibly" get it to move at the junction, with a die that isn't going to touch it there.
If you do go the route of pushing the shoulder back more but the die won't do it, I strongly encourage you to either have someone, or do it yourself, but remove the material from the bottom of the die and not the shell holder. Both will work but if you take it from the die, you need not have a dedicated shell holder and once done, it's done. Problem solved and it'll still work on other brass later down the road as well as working with virtually any shell holders. I just think it's the right way vs removing it from the shell holder, but again, either way will get the job done.
You might just try a different die, too but it appears that radius is sharper in the chamber than in the current die.
Hope this all makes sense. It's probably a combination of the chamber being at or below minimum spec and the radius. It may only be a very small difference and trimming the die down is all it takes. If you take .010 off of the die(won't hurt a thing) and push the shoulder back to a thou or two shorter than the brass that does chamber, and it now fits, it was close enough to say all is good and carry on. If it takes several thou shorter to get it to chamber, you need to go with new brass that does chamber after fired and sized.
Clear as mud? Either way, I think it's a simple fix, one way or another. BTW, it wouldn't be a bad idea to see if the bolt closes on a go gage. No big deal if it doesn't. You just need to trim from the die to cure that, anyway. But, the smith should do it or deepen the chamber...for free.
--Mike