Well anything soft will cut hard steel if it has the right contaminant on it. Brass, bronze, nylon, carbon fiber, hardened steel rods, coated steel rods, pull cords.
But it’s never that simple. Corrosion / passivation creates ceramics. So while the base aluminum metal is soft, aluminum oxide outer layer (on an aluminum cleaning rod ferrule) is plenty hard. So is the chromium oxide on surface of stainless steel. And iron oxide is hard stuff too.
Windborne dust and dirt is often more rocky than muddy in many areas. That’s bad stuff.
The force applied to the barrel bore has much to do with it too. Bore guides minimize (and hopefully eliminate) the contact pressure. Using a pull through should have no contact pressure if it’s being pulled dead straight in line with the barrel bore. Fortunately most people don’t screw that up, but I still see it happen sometimes.
I’m not convinced that barrel fouling (amorphous carbon and copper) is a sufficiently hard contaminant to cut steel but I do remove it as I go as much as I can.
I think there is way too much time spent blaming particular cleaning products and tools and not enough on contaminants. A contaminated rod or brush is what we should be warning against.