You can get your barrel "too" clean. I know especially on smaller calibers - 223, 6mm, etc., You will have to shoot several shots before you get your groups back if you super clean your barrel.
It's also a sign of barrel wear. After cleaning, you take all the copper etc., out of the barrel and then your shooting 5" groups scratching your head. As you are shooting your rifle, the groups close before your eyes sometimes taking 30 shots to re-foul your barrel.
In my earlier years this happened to me with my 223. I had the barrel so clean, not a spec of dirt would come out with the last patch. I would shot the rifle and sometimes would have over an 8 inch group. After putting more than 30 rounds through the barrel, I noticed the groups closing up until I had my 1/2 moa (100 yards) back, which was my norm with this 223. I always used my same load, never changing. Nobody could explain this.
A well know gun builder was at the range and overheard us when this was happening one time. It was getting very discouraging. He told me to bring it to his shop so he could look at it.
I did, and he looked at the barrel with his scope. He told me to change the barrel as it's was one of the worst wore out barrels he has ever seen.
I was new to the sport, but I took his advice and put a well known heavy varmint barrel on my rifle. He happened to have it in stock! I really thought I was being taken, but he guaranteed it and said he would take he barrel back if my groups didn't improve. I couldn't beat this, plus I had a few friends tell me to go ahead with the suggestion. I will have to throw this in . . . He told me several times he knew what he was doing. I am sure it was my facial expressions showing doubt about his diagnosis.
I took the rifle with the new barrel to the range. I cleaned the new barrel with a mop to make sure no trash was in it and ran a few patches through it. Patches were clean. My first group 5 shots with the new barrel was less than 1", from there on I shot less than 1/2 moa groups almost anytime I wanted still using my load I had used for 18 months. Oh, I cleaned the new barrel after 5 shots and I didn't clean it the rest of the day. I was so $$$ tight, I didn't even use virgin brass, most of the brass had 8 rounds or more shot with them.
Now, I clean my barrels, but not as good as I use to. I have shot 160 rounds down several barrels before I noticed my groups started opening up. I then clean the barrel taking about 5 minutes to do so and I am back to my normal groups. I usually shoot one fouler shot down the tube after cleaning and still do to this day.
Several on this board know me and my rifles and I am sure they wouldn't mind backing up the accuracy of my rifles. Infact, I learned most of my techniques from them, LOL.
One other well know secret is to use colloidal graphite oil down your tube after cleaning. It doesn't take much and you have to be carefull with this product. You can go to any NAPA store and buy "Loc-Ease" in a spray can. It contains the colloidal graphite. Get the equivalent of three drops on a patch and burnish this patch through your barrel taking your time. When finished, run one clean patch using a jag down the tube. Try it and you be the judge. There is several articles out there concerning this product.
Too much of this product will cause an over pressure situation during the first few shoots. It's almost like the reverse happens after cleaning your barrel. So if you know you are around max pressure, be very careful with this graphite. I believe Gre-Tan sells it in a 4oz bottle.
Well, I am wide awake now. Hopefully this will help someone down the line one day.
Dennis