Let's look at the cartridge and bullet dimensions and do the sums. The 243's case has an OAL of 2.045" and a neck-length of 0.241"
The 105gn Berger Target Hybrid to take a popular 6mm long-range match bullet has a shank length of 0.408", and nose length of 0.655" (Bryan Litz bullet drawing and dimensions from Ballistic Performance of Rifle Bullets 3rd Edition.)
Seat that bullet at the optimum position with its shank / tail junction on the case shoulder / neck junction and 0.167" of its shank sits outside of the case-mouth. (0.408 - 0.241")
Add on the bullet nose length and 0.822" of bullet is outside of the case. (0.167 + 0.655").
Then add that onto the 243 case length, 2.045 + 0.822" and you get 2.867". Some factory rifles accept ~2.9", but not all by any means. Some examples of the popular AI magazine accept 2.880", other around 2.85-2.86", but you need to leave a tad clearance in any event for 100% reliable feed.
Many people don't want the bottom of the shank right on the case neck to shoulder junction - they want it a little bit higher in case a doughnut is present or appears during the life of the case. So, another few thou' go onto the COAL, and there are longer bullets than the Hybrid appearing, the Hornady ELD-M and 110gn Sierra MK both have roughly same length shanks, but longer neck sections. Redoing the sums for the SMK gives a COAL of 2.941" with the bottom of the shank right on the case shoulder to neck join.
For single shot use no problem even in short actions, but we're talking factory repeaters here. Yes, of course the SAAMI 2.710" maximum COAL fits AR-10 mags and everything else but only if part of a match bullet shank is pushed below the neck. Most 243 hunting and varmint bullets are actually quite short and suit the factory 243 COAL very well, many in fact are loaded to less than it.