If you take the beam scale, the mass on the pivot, say at zero, is the couterpoise weights, the beam, pan, etc.
Friction in the pivot increases as the pan is filled and the couterpoise is moved out to balance.
Friction cuts into sensitivity. Even if small. Larger two pan balances go to extremes to reduce friction.
Weighing also relies on equalization of the pendulum by measuring 3 consecutive turning points, calculating the center rather than magnetically dampening the response early. The magnet/vane is only to save time.
The position of the notches in the beam determine incremental accuracy. Think they are positioned to the microinch?
The beam on both sides of the pivot have to be at thermal equilibrium.
The force balance scale uses precise internal electronic references to generate a counter force to the weight on the pan.
Some use a frequency modulated or pulse width modulated current source to reduce hysteresis when reaching the final weight.
When calibrated at full scale with a known mass linearity can be as good as the electronics inside.
Cost usually determines how good the electronics are. Cal labs use force balance scale to compare reference standards.
Most two pan balances have been replaced with force balance. I liked the old stuff but it took forever to get an accurate result
Load cell scales also have a range of performance. The load cell itself can be compensated for temperature and zero drift by using static strain gages on the beam.
These are included in the circuit to try and cancel error in the active cells.
Stain gages exhibit a permanent drift in zero and scale value the more they are flexed. That's why frequent calibration is needed.
They also exhibit hysteresis producing a different final position when the load is approach from below or above the target weight.
By using a load cell of appropriate size the mechanical drift of a small load cell and the hysteresis of too large a load cell can be optimized.
The electronics used in most load cell applications use the excitation voltage, 5 volts or 10 volts, as the reference voltage for the measuring electronics.
That means a 5.1 volts excitation used to excite the strain gages is also the reference fo the measuring electronics canceling out the voltage error.
They work by measuring the ratio of the excitation to the strain gage bridge output.
Test your scale, whichever type, with a known value check weight near your target.
Some digital scale use two calibration points. Full scale to set full scale and a midscale point to fix the linearity to an S curve.
Proper calibration would be at more points to create a software table in the scale electronics. One of them being around the 10% point.
Pay attention to gravity and your local vertical.
If using an electronic scale with "Auto Zero" keep the scale away from zero.
It will suck up a count without you knowing it.
Try the Nickel sorting experiment I mentioned elsewhere in the forum.
You can learn just how well your scale performs for just 55 cents
